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The Nordic model (also called Nordic capitalism〔''The Nordic Way'', Klas Eklund, Henrik Berggren and Lars Trägårdh. 2011.〕 or Nordic social democracy)〔Nik Brandal, Øivind Bratberg, Dag Einar Thorsen. ''The Nordic Model of Social Democracy.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. ISBN 1137013265〕〔Pontusson, Jonas (2011). ''Once Again A Model: Nordic Social Democracy in a Globalized World.'' (pp 89-115 ) in ''What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times.'' Edited by James E. Cronin , George W. Ross, and James Shoch. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822350793.〕 refers to the economic and social policies common to the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Iceland and Sweden). This includes a combination of free market capitalism with a comprehensive welfare state and collective bargaining at the national level. Although there are significant differences among the Nordic countries, they all share some common traits. These include support for a "universalist" welfare state aimed specifically at enhancing individual autonomy and promoting social mobility; a corporatist system involving a tripartite arrangement where representatives of labor and employers negotiate wages and labor market policy mediated by the government; and a commitment to widespread private ownership, free markets and free trade. Each of the Nordic countries has its own economic and social models, sometimes with large differences from its neighbours.〔Kenworthy, Lane (2014). ''Social Democratic America.'' Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199322511 (p. 138 ).〕 According to sociologist Lane Kenworthy, in the context of the Nordic model, "social democracy" refers to a set of policies for promoting economic security and opportunity within the framework of capitalism rather than a system to replace capitalism. == Overview == "The Nordic Model - Embracing globalization and sharing risks" characterises the system as follows:〔Torben M. Andersen, Bengt Holmström, Seppo Honkapohja, Sixten Korkman, Hans Tson Söderström, Juhana Vartiainen. (The Nordic Model - Embracing globalization and sharing risks )〕 * An elaborate social safety net in addition to public services such as free education and universal healthcare.〔 * Strong property rights, contract enforcement, and overall ease of doing business.〔http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings〕 * Public pension plans.〔 * Low barriers to free trade.〔 This is combined with collective risk sharing (social programs, labour market institutions) which has provided a form of protection against the risks associated with economic openness.〔 * Little product market regulation. Nordic countries rank very high in product market freedom according to OECD rankings.〔 * Low levels of corruption.〔 In Transparency International's 2014 Corruption Perceptions Index all five Nordic countries were ranked among the 12 least corrupt of 176 evaluated countries, and Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Norway all ranked within top 5.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CPI 2012 table )〕 * High percentage of workers belonging to a labour union. In 2010, labour union density was 69.9% in Finland, 68.3% in Sweden, and 54.8% in Norway. In comparison, labour union density was 12.9% in Mexico and 11.3% in the United States.〔("Trade Union Density" ) OECD StatExtracts. 2010. Accessed: 3 May 2013.〕 The lower union density in Norway is mainly explained by the absence of a Ghent system since 1938. In contrast, Denmark, Finland and Sweden all have union-run unemployment funds.〔Kjellberg, Anders ("The Swedish unemployment insurance - will the Ghent system survive?" ), ''Transfer – European Review of Labour and Research'' no 1 2006, pp. 87-98, ISSN 1024-2589. Accessed: 19 January 2014.〕 * A partnership between employers, trade unions and the government, whereby these social partners negotiate the terms to regulating the workplace among themselves, rather than the terms being imposed by law.〔http://www.nordiclabourjournal.org/i-fokus/in-focus-2001/the-nordic-model〕 Sweden has decentralised wage co-ordination, while Finland is ranked the least flexible.〔 The changing economic conditions have given rise to fear among workers as well as resistance by trade unions in regards to reforms.〔 At the same time, reforms and favourable economic development seem to have reduced unemployment, which has traditionally been higher. Denmark's Social Democrats managed to push through reforms in 1994 and 1996 (see flexicurity). * Sweden at 56.6% of GDP, Denmark at 51.7%, and Finland at 48.6% reflect very high public spending.〔(Index of Economic Freedom )〕 One key reason for public spending is the large number of public employees. These employees work in various fields including education, healthcare, and for the government itself. They often have lifelong job security and make up around a third of the workforce (more than 38% in Denmark). Public spending in social transfers such as unemployment benefits and early-retirement programmes is high. In 2001, the wage-based unemployment benefits were around 90% of wage in Denmark and 80% in Sweden, compared to 75% in the Netherlands and 60% in Germany. The unemployed were also able to receive benefits several years before reductions, compared to quick benefit reduction in other countries. * Public expenditure for health and education is significantly higher in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway in comparison to the OECD average.〔OECD. ''Growing Unequal? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries.'' Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. 2008. p. 232, p. 233〕 * Overall tax burdens (as a percentage of GDP) are among the world's highest; Sweden (51.1%), Denmark (46% in 2011),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Skattetrykket )〕 and Finland (43.3%) * The United Nations ''World Happiness Report 2013'' shows that the happiest nations are concentrated in Northern Europe. The Nordics ranked highest on the metrics of real GDP per capita, healthy life expectancy, having someone to count on, perceived freedom to make life choices, generosity and freedom from corruption.〔Carolyn Gregoire (10 September 2013). (The Happiest Countries In The World (INFOGRAPHIC) ). ''The Huffington Post.'' Retrieved 1 October 2013.〕 * The Nordic countries received the highest ranking for protecting workers rights on the International Trade Union Confederation's 2014 Global Rights Index, with Denmark being the only nation to receive a perfect score.〔David Wearing (22 May 2014). (Where's the worst place to be a worker? Most of the world ). ''The Guardian.'' Retrieved 26 June 2014.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nordic model」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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